Article 2

Innovation has done a great deal to shape and change present day society. Now days everything revolve around technology. It has shaped the modern society. There have been massive improvements in technology that have changed how people speak with one another and in that regard, I accept that the development of mobile has been one of the  most innovative technology of this decade. Regardless of whether we like it or how we as a general public have always changed, we are far expelled from the occasions where we were dependent on postal mail and landlines and at a point where there are more open lines of correspondence than any time in recent memory. This blog entry will hope to investigate the impacts that cell phones have had on by and large society and evaluating what the results of their presentation can be.

Assess the potential ethical and environmental impacts of developments in technology.

Innovation of technology has done marvels for society. However, there is no denying that there has been an effect on nature with probably the biggest effect being power utilisation. Power is an essential segment of all mechanical thing thus we have gotten dependent on it to power and charge our numerous gadgets. In order for the power station from which we get out power to run, they are required to utilise petroleum products as a technique to generate it. Sadly, the consuming of petroleum products is one of the most dominant manners by which people are contributing the harm on our environment as the contamination created is very destructive. With such contamination discovering its way into the ozone layer, areas, for example, the north and south poles are seeing some decimating impacts, for example, the ice caps melting, which at that point causes risky impacts for the remainder of the world.

The emphasis on generating clean energy is turning out to be increasingly more significant as the quantity of gadgets and innovative things grows, we are currently at a point where enterprises are starting to invest in clean sources, for example, wind and sunlight based power. Indeed, even customers are arriving at a point where they are installing solar panel to produce energy to power their own homes as an endeavour to both set aside cash and decrease their carbon footprint.

Another way that we can combat a portion of the natural damage that innovation is causing is by improving the productivity of PC gadgets. Generally it would be thought that as the intensity of PC parts increment, the more power they should devour however numerous segment factories are attempting to change this. Normally estimated in kilowatts factories have placed a great deal of focus into improving the measure of clean energy utilised in correlation with the sum time that said segment has been utilised for. Cell phones are key case of a gadget that is greatly dependent on a huge battery life. Because of the convenient idea of cell phones they can't be stopped consistently, however they are additionally more dominant than any other time in recent memory, rather than changing the measure of intensity that is placed into the gadget, improvements in versatile figuring processors have set accentuation on improving computing power while likewise endeavouring to decrease electrical utilisation. Power supply units particularly are currently being created with thought for the steady request from as good as ever designs card and top of the line processors.

With the present interest for new innovation, relatively few really think about what befalls the old gadgets and segments that are disposed of once new ones are set up. From the point of view of enterprises, they should be responsible for the waste materials that they produce. To many, recycling will be the answer but the brutal truth is that a significant part of the segments that are no longer of good use will probably wind up in a landfill. From the point of view of shoppers, they have less responsibility for the waste that they produce, as a rule of thumb, if a telephone never again works the normal purchaser will discard it and get another one without even batting an eye and the old one will more than likely end up in a landfill site. As innovative products improve and show up quicker, the constrain put on landfills to house undesirable waste materials will just increment.

As recently referenced one of the key approaches to lessen the quantity of disposed of parts winding up in landfills that can get destructive to the earth is by reusing. Reusing is growing as a better method for guaranteeing that parts are disposed of and utilised in the most ideal manners from a purchaser and seller perspective. The segments that make up gadgets are not pointless on the grounds that they are old or not working effectively, frequently they can be stripped down and framed into new segments that will be put into new or renovated gadgets. Motherboards for instance can be softened down at different temperatures to help with isolating the valuable metals and the plastics so they can be re-utilised by makers.

There are obviously limitations to reusing in the third world which can make it more entangled than it might appear to be at first. Innovation enormously adds up to financially tested zones and can cause a thump on impact, for instance; the upsurge in innovation will bring about an upsurge in electrical utilisation which would require more power from electrical organisations who should up costs to stay aware of expenses. This thump on impact could bring about individuals in these zones winding up with huge bills that they can't pay.

Alongside the ecological effect that accompanies the utilisation of cell phone just as other mechanical products there are additionally moral issues that ought to likewise be considered with one of the greatest being access to such innovation. The digital divide is a term used to depict a monetary or social imbalance that influences the entrance to data and communication innovations; this can apply to people, associations or even nations. Cell phones have now become a basic piece of western culture to the point where individuals can work such gadgets to their most extreme capacity. From amusement to purchases, cell phones are no longer gadgets made exclusively to make calls and as a result of this the costs are soaring as they become increasingly higher.

Cell phones can likewise be believed to cause a divide between younger and older people because of the way that such gadgets are genuinely new to society. It has been a little more 30 years since cell phones were first presented and just around 20 since they were reasonable enough for the normal client. As a direct result of this, individuals who were at that point grown-ups had experienced their lives without the guidance of cell phones and a large number of these individuals wanted to figure out how to utilise these gadgets when older. Individuals who have had the benefit of growing up with innovation around them will have the option to get aptitudes in regards to gadgets a lot quicker, their expertise will be simpler to move to different gadgets dependent on a strong comprehension of past gadgets they have utilised.

Similarly as significant if not more than moral issues are legal issues. The UK has a number of enactments set up to avert the abuse of gadgets running from PCs to cell phones. For example, Legislation such as the data protection act and the computer misuse act detail the particular manners by which PCs must be utilised and how information must be handled.

The Data Protection Act is the law set in place to effectively govern how personal information can be used by organisations, business and the government. The Data Protection Act is applicable to anyone and everyone that is responsible for using or handling the data of others. As per it, everyone using data is require to follow a set of rules called “The Data Protection Principles” Those say that all information must be:

• used lawfully
• used for limited, specifically stated purposes
• used in a way that is adequate, relevant and not excessive
• accurate
• kept for no longer than is absolutely necessary
• handled according to people’s data protection rights
• kept safe and secure
• not transferred outside the European Economic Area without adequate protection

If it is found that an enterprise has breached the Data Protection Act there are a wide range of consequences that can range from fines to prosecution depending on the severity of the case

The Computer Misuse Act is comprised of three simple offences that include:

• Unauthorised access to computer material.
• Unauthorised access with intent to commit or facilitate commission of further offences.
• Unauthorised modification of computer material.

The Computer Misuse Act was created to put in place to combat the increasing amount of hacking and viral attacks taking place. The Computer Misuse Act also provided a clear distinction between computer abuse and computer misuse.

Explain how lack of understanding or access to IT can disadvantage certain groups of people

We are during a time where PC systems are utilised for an ever-growing number of errands and part of utilising them effectively is understanding the potential issues and dangers that encompass their utilisation. Enterprises are currently dependent on systems in a way that has never been seen and as such, monitoring said dangers is essential to it.

Essentially the primary worry for all PC systems encompasses the subject of security. Sadly, there is a growing requirement for familiarity with the risks that can come from the manner by which society and enterprises rely on the utilisation of PC systems on a daily basis. As PCs become used to run the absolute, most imperative systems, for example, bank systems, it is nothing unexpected that they are becoming more of a target for lawbreakers. Cyber crime is a type of internet offence that most likely won’t be vanishing at any point in the near future and measures must be taken so that both the enterprises and the individuals are secure.

Cloud computing has gotten progressively more common in the course of recent years as it gives a reasonable option in contrast to physical stockpiling and answers for a great deal of the physical issues that utilising in house registering entails. The idea of cloud computing is that most of the information and assets being used would be web based, usually an outsider server farm would hold the data and it would be promptly open to the organisation through the web. One of the essential advantages to this is the faster speed through which individuals would have the option to work due to there not being a particular area wherein they need to work from, not to mention that this cloud computing offers a quite simpler procedure for scaling all the resources needed when dealing with increased or decreased demand.

The decision to utilise cloud computing additionally opens enterprises up to various security chances that could hurt the organisation in the future. The system that houses the entirety of this data should be exceptionally secure, as information will go to and fro between a few areas it would not be far-fetched for digital lawbreakers to try and capture the information or change it before it can get to its goal.

Because of the broad increment of PC systems being utilised to store delicate data Cyber crime has progressively become one of the more well known dangers that many enterprises face. This of course doesn't imply that physical dangers ought to be dismissed or neglected in any way, shape or form. Physical dangers can incorporate anything from the burglary to the devastation of PC equipment, the two of which can be similarly as harming as any Cyber crime.

PC's, Servers and even flash drives are instances of equipment that can be helpless to physical dangers that can be considerably significant. Burglary is normally the primary physical risk that enterprises are prone to because of the way that not only is the equipment expensive to buy but it also might have delicate data that ought not be in the hands of the individuals who are not meant to see it. Despite the plethora of ways in which security against robberies can come, armed individuals and alarm systems are usually chosen  by the corporations.

In spite of the fact that robbery and destruction of PC systems are significant dangers, not every single physical risk could be purposeful. Unintentional harm to PC systems ought to consistently be paid attention to as a potential risk, something as basic as an electrical issue could bring about something as dangerous to a server as a fire which can have destroying impacts should it become big enough. The best approach to guaranteeing that you are secured against these types of situations comes through guaranteeing that safety conventions are obeyed consistently, as well as making back-ups for extremely significant data that can be recovered should something happen.

In many cases, Cyber crimes are furled by monetary reasons and numerous digital criminals will frequently take, hack and change systems as a device to acquire cash in a wide assortment of ways. Another possible reason for such attacks is political opposition.

Governmental issues can be incredibly polarising even under the most favourable circumstances and because of this associations who have a political position or who have adjusted themselves to specific lawmakers may find that they will be focused by individuals on the opposing side. Political rivals sometimes will regularly turn to Cyber crime as a strategy to pick up data or information that could be harming to the association. Other motivations exist as well, but those are not as frequent.

Analyse the benefits and disadvantages of the social impact of computing technology developments

The manner by which individuals communicate has changed drastically in the course of recent decades. It has arrived at a point where computer systems have frequently been utilised as a favoured technique for correspondence over authentic human connection. The ascent and accessibility of online life and convenient gadgets such as cell phones has contributed intensely to this change; As it stands the internet based social media Facebook has more than 1 billion users and this is to a great extent because of the simplicity of communication.

The utilisation of internet based life and computer systems effectively made the universe of correspondence simpler, it is presently incredibly simple to get a cellphone and message somebody on the other side of the world and get an answer a split second later. However, this ease of communication also implies an increase in difficulty as far as social communication is concerned. Depending entirely on online correspondence can modify individuals' look on what is socially adequate and what isn't. Thus, when they are required to speak with other in person they are more averse to speaking with a similar impact. Absence of human contact can therefore lead onto individuals segregating themselves from society. As successfully individuals can source various things online from entertainment to food it is presently simpler than at any other time for individuals to limit the measure of contact they have with the outside world. Because of this individuals may wind up coming up short on the aptitudes that at the extremely least make them employable by corporations.

At such an enormous rate of growth, this growth of technology-based communication also tends to affect poorly the older slice of society. It is widely acknowledged that older people end up suffering perhaps the most when it comes to adapting to the wonderful new technologies. Not only do they sometimes take longer to learn that which comes quite naturally to a younger person, but also they can become easy prey for another type of Cyber crime: Fraud. There are countless reports of older people falling for online scams that are taken at face value, a mistake that is not often made by the younger people. The aforementioned lack of exceptional social contact and the tendency to wish everything in a hurry also plays a role in this case, as young people tend to not be as patient towards their elders’ slow approach to technology.

There are however benefits that can be seen by both older people and, for instance, individuals who have medical problems that require constant care. The utilisation of technology can very well aid those who suffer from diseases such as Diabetes or some types of heart problems, as medical advise and sometimes even diagnostics can often be found in the palm of one’s hand. Not only that, but those people can also use technology to more easily monitor certain things, such as their insulin levels or their heartbeat.

Evaluate the impact that the implementation of a specific development in computing technology has had on wider society.

As recently referenced I understand that the appearance of mobile computing has been one of the most compelling advancements in the course of recent decades. Not just has portable processing attempted (and succeeded) to change the manner in which we work in our daily lives, but it has also additionally changed how we can function in a much better manner. There have been numerous progressions made to working practices because of it and we are currently at a point where many of these advancements are considered  the new typical.

Working ceaselessly from a customary work area is turning out to be increasingly more regular among employees as of late, no longer are staff individuals fastened to their workplaces so as to get to specific files or talk with their co-workers. Most of assignments from getting to messages to refreshing databases should be possible much more easily now, whether it is using a workstation, working at home or even a cell phone. The one thing that is required for the entirety of this to be conceivable is a steady web connection, something that is getting simpler and simpler to discover in a period where even the trains and transports give off Wi-Fi signals. Remote computing has additionally took into account working from new various areas, thus making it all simpler for individuals that were once required to go to work as an aspect of their responsibilities. PCs can a replace a conventional work area, so they can work anywhere from their home to different nations. Sadly, the accessibility of gadgets that can be utilised for work has made it and most likely will continue making it hard to escape professional responsibilities on occasion, this can make the harmony among individual and work life progressively troublesome as the limits of the workplace cease to exist.

Numerous businesses will nowadays give their staff workplace gadgets including, yet not restricted to, a cell phone and a laptop with the goal that they are consistently in a situation to carry out their responsibilities. While these gadgets might be utilised for individual purposes, there will be an understanding that the essential concentration for such gadgets will be for work ones. Then again, BYOD (bring your own gadget) plans have likewise gotten famous among businesses, meaning many are now allowing employees to work using their own personal devices, requiring, usually, just a wireless connection. This concept (BYOD) can prove itself very cost effective for businesses as they find themselves with a lack of need to present their workforce with hardware, thus saving large amount of money.

From the point of view of the employer, the drawback is that there is a reduced level of control that they have over the systems that are being used. In this situation the issues emerge with equipment or programming sourced by an individual may prove itself difficult for IT support to fix if necessary in the off-chance that they are not familiar with said system. This confinement and boundaries are also significantly harder to establish, as staff are utilising their own gadgets bosses are not ready to limit or have a lot of authority over the substance that is on their PC implying that there could be an enormous security hazard.

With such a significant number of corporations finding themselves dependent on PC systems to run every day it is significant for all to comprehend the outcomes of a system failure and furthermore how to respond should something of this nature happen. There are various types of system failure that can influence an association in various manners, the first being a software failure. This is seen when a piece of software crashes or returns an error that cannot easily be solved. The way to correct such an issue varies, but the time the software is down often compromises the whole production line, for instance. Another failure often seen is related to hardware, as, much like any piece of equipment, hardware can fail, overheat, break or otherwise simply cease to function correctly. Those are often harder to fix than a software failure and can often mean a wasted business day depending on the failure. Those can also be associated with weather problems, as a thunderstorm can very easily make the whole server stop working even if the light so much as flickers, not to mention circumstances which can prove far more harmful to the computer and therefore the corporation, such as a thunderbolt causing the machine to burn and effectively break.

All in all, it is considerably important to be very aware of the risks and consequences of such a system-dependent world. The ease of communication and even ease of working conditions also implies new risks that must constantly be cared about, lest whole corporations can fall by the hand of a malevolent hacker or cybercriminal or even by a simple thunderstorm, which takes away the power it once gave to us, the power which we so desperately need, for we are willing to destroy our own environment.

refs:
https://www.educba.com/big-data-vs-data-warehouse/
https://simpletexting.com/where-have-we-come-since-the-first-smartphone/
http://zerosxones.blogspot.com/2017/05/as-internet-law-and-policy-expertrobert.html

http://buzz2fone.com/how-marketing-technology-impact-business-success/

Unit 9: The Impact of Computing

Technology breakthrough in recent years has impacted business in numbers of different ways. New hardware and programs are being made every day, which helped the organisations to increase their functionality, improved their security and communication processes.

Let's start with how massively mobile development has changed the industries. Back in the day, it would take days to communicate as people didn't have the means to contact someone instantly. This is changed when IBM released the first-ever smartphone in 1994, which was known as the Simon Personal Communicator (SPC). The SPC had several features such as a touch screen which was very rare back in 1994. It also allowed users to send and receive both mails and faxes. SPC came with an address book, calendar and a native appointment scheduler. It even featured standard and predictive stylus input screen keyboards. This innovative breakthrough in technology has made a big impact on the world as 99% of the people in the world have access to phones which they can use to communicate instantly. Industries can send alert to their employees about work. Another big breakthrough was in 2001 when smartphone started having access to 3G network; this means people would have internet access anywhere in the world, which allowed them to have world's database of information within seconds. As the technology developed for mobile, security increased to which allowed people to secure their devices via fingerprint or eye scanner. With how fast the mobile development has been, it also affected the application development. Nowadays, we have applications that allow us to send payment instantly to friends, family or vendor. Organisation like amazon, eBay etc. has used this opportunity to release their apps on mobile that allowed customers to access the store anywhere in the world with the help of internet.
These development has also helped create competition between industries which further boosted with the development as we have different mobile companies like Apple, Samsung etc. All of em are releasing new devices to stay ahead of each other in this never-ending competition.
Next, the development of software has allowed the organisation to provide increases usability for the users and provide new job opportunities for the people. It also allowed the business to make their profession easier to understand. With the help of software, it is now possible to get the task done in little time compared to the old age when everything must be done manually which took a lot of effort and time just to get one task done. A good example is using word processor which has a lot of features that allows the organisation to set certain parts of text as different headings and sub-headings, this allows them to set out their report or text they are writing clearly, making it easier for them to write and layout clearly, while at the same time making it easier for the reader to follow and find specific pieces of information. Even a small feature like this is useful for a business as it allows them to more efficiently layout reports that may be essential to the day to day operations by saving them time as they do not have to design the layout manually individually. Some other examples do you need to collaborate with someone who can't meet in person? Use a webcam and Skype, and they can be brought right into your office. Do you need more space for documents? Scan all your documents onto your computer system and recycle all the paper. New technology developments have made the workplace better than ever. Modern technology and future technology endeavours are making employers, and employees lives more accessible day by day.
With the help of technology developments, organisation can now allow employee to work from home. This has been proven very effective, according to the research. Working from home allowed employee to work while looking after their family or other matters at the same time. However, at the same time, this made the employee feels detached from the company as they're are unaware of the stuff happening in the office

IMPACT OF IMPLEMENT A NEW SYSTEM:
As hardware's are being developed and becomes, more powerful, more accurate simulations can produced that will benefit the business in the long run. Having more powerful hardware means more sophisticated software can be run, allowing for more accurate business predictions, e.g. what the most popular game genre will be in 5 years' time, this allows the business to plan, steadily increasing profits as market gaps can be filled before other companies fill them. Implantation of a new computer for organisation can be tough as every business has its own unique needs. Implementation of the right system in organisation has massive Impact as it allows them to improve the customer services, develop competitive advantage and it also increases employee morale as having fast hardware will allow the employee to get their work done at a quicker pace.  However, there are some risks, too, so businesses must be prepared for it. If the implementation is done poorly, your business could lose quite a bit of money and customers. IAG Consulting reported that only 32% of all new computer systems projects are completed successfully. This pretty much means that a business owner needs to have a game plan when it comes to a new system.
Failing to take time to plan out the implementation or failing to take the time to train your employees on the new system could have a very negative impact on your business. Keep this in mind when you plan to introduce a new system to your staff. Not everyone is going to know how to use the system right away. Owners and managers must set time aside to train their staff accordingly.
Hardware needs to be updated in order to run the best software at optimal performance, having the most powerful hardware means the most high ends software can be run. However, this would prove extremely expensive if you were to update every single computer, every time a new, more powerful bit of hardware was released, so this may not prove practical and too expensive for a business to do.

Implementing a new computer in organisation is tough as they're a lot of things to be considered when implementing a new system in organisations—especially threat to the new system that can put the whole company data at risk. Companies must make sure the new system is secured and capable of protecting the data. They also must set up accounts for their employees and make sure correct permissions settings are setup. New system means companies must add new policies and procedures for staff, setup system users, install software-based protections, anti-malware, user authentication, file/folder access and user privileges.  Policies and rules are instituted to serve as a form of guide. In organisations, it's important to make sure that they are abreast with the rules and regulations in an organisation. The advantage of this is, employees must make sure to follow the rules for the security sake as not having proper policy might end up breaching security.
Organisation must train the employee on how to use these new systems as not having knowledge on the new system might put the whole organisation at massive risk as it also increases the chances of security breaches. Failing to do so, organisation might end up facing huge consequences. With the wide adoption of the internet nowadays, people and some organisations use the internet to sell their products to other customers online. If there is a data breach on such an organisation, they would be facing financial problems because customers would not be able to make purchases online, and that would result in an hourly loss of revenue. Breaches such as this could ruin the reputation of an organisation because customers would not feel safe dealing with the organisation. There is a huge consequence that organisations face when they are faced with such data breaches because, they fail to keep customer's data safe and, in the event that they deliberately give out information to hackers, they are like to face some legal consequences.
This will also impact company reputation as data breaches could make an impact on organisation buy making their reputation look bad. When an organisation is faced with a bad reputation, they tend to lose their loyal customers and more importantly, they're hit with financial losses. In addition, customers would not like to engage the services of organisations that have bad reputations.

Emerging technologies

Technology and computing have developed to a point where emerging technologies are popping up at a rapid rate. New devices are being released every day that have new technologies every time. Internet of things or IoT refers to the ever-growing network of physical devices that are connected using networks with each of them possessing their own IP addresses to make the connections possible. It's the concept of connecting every and any device being connected to the internet, which allows these devices to exchange data.  Machines like heating systems, fridges, and washing machines are all devices or systems that are often found in the common household. Naturally, these devices didn't require any internet or form of connectivity in the start, however with the emerging of technologies, smart fridges and tv are being released that have become more popular. These smart devices require the internet as they have a ton of features which can't be accessed without internet. With emerging technologies, computing anywhere at any time is possible for both the general public as well as businesses. The opportunities of technology like this will allow everyone to be connected consistently, allowing them access to the internet and knowledge whenever they need. This is a benefit to everyone as it means the unlimited knowledge available on the internet is available all the time.  However, due to the risk of technology like this, there are many challenges which the idea of ubiquitous computing technologies must fight against. These can include sceptics who don't always agree with the idea of being connected.  This is fed by the idea of hackers and other negative effects of computing.
With the emerging of technologies, manual labour has slowly been replaced by automatic technology. Whether people like it or not, automatic labour has proven to be far more effective compared to manual labour. Some of these companies that have moved to automated systems are:
•McDonald: introducing self-services machines for taking orders
•PepsiCo: using Artificial intelligence and machines for packing and delivering of bottles, chips etc
•Mars, nestle and other similar companies: automated machines for confectionery mixture, wrapping and packaging
These companies are known to replace natural process like taking orders etc. with automated systems. This sometimes backfires as people might have complained or had questions that can only be answered by a human employee.
PepsiCo has spent 2.5 billion dollars to restructure the company to replace most of the labour with automated labour which resulted in more productivity, but they had to lay off more than 250,000 of their employees. While this has increased PepsiCo annual profit, their public rep was ruined. However, this can create more jobs in different sectors as those who were laid off could obtain the skills which will help with the automated machines, for example repairing them or operating them require certain knowledge which they can learn.

This shows it's the era of technologies as everyday new technology pop up which replaces human jobs. Automation in technology helped business in reducing errors while increasing efficiency as computers have more processing power and can get more task done quickly as compared to humans.
Emerging of technology also helped other industries to evolve, such as the gaming industry. As technologies evolve, new doors get opened in gaming industries which makes it even more realistic and introduce new genres. Today we have technologies like Virtual Reality (VR), AR, etc and different gaming platform. Over these past couples of years, gaming industries has rapidly changed into ways we couldn't imagine. Current and new technology has helped gaming industries in a lot of ways from platform to developing games. We have VR nowadays, also known as Virtual reality. It's one of the most breath-taking technology emerged into video game industries. This doesn't only open doors to a lot of different opportunities but also benefit health as a gamer is required to move around their body instead of sitting down a chair with remote controller in their hand. Gaming already has a lot of benefits, but now with VR, it helps players with improving their skills. People can use VR to control their character, which helps them improve them accurately in real life. This helps them with increasing hand-eye coordination needed to control high tech machines and makes their hands calmer. However, VR is relatively new and costly. It could be some time before developers and users could take full benefit of VR.
Another example is mobile; mobile used to be very simple, only used for calling and texting but with emerging of technology we have smartphones. Smartphones have network connections and other technologies which also benefits other industries and the general public. This has introduced new jobs and further developments as nowadays, even gaming on mobile is popular. This helps the developer to develop their apps on other platforms. The developers of mobile games focus on developing games with online compatibility capabilities. Subsequently, the games support multiplayer option. For example, Sniper 3D is a mobile game that can be played online and supports multiple players as well. Additionally, the models of the current mobiles are different from those of the past; mobile phones have high processing speeds, big storage space, and high display quality. As such, it is possible for mobile gamers to enjoy games online without encountering inconsistencies.
This just shows how much technology has involved and how the internet of things has been implanted in most technologies.


Big data, data warehousing and data mining

For a long period of time, scarcity of data was a major problem. With the advent of computing technology and internet, that is no longer the case. Huge volume of data is being generated every second across the globe. The cell phone you have to huge industrial alternators are producing data at an unprecedented rate. This has led to the creation of a new field, Big Data. Big data can be defined as the use and analysis of large amounts of data to extract useful information.

Big Data is a technology field which is made up of three properties known as volume, Velocity and variety. Volume helps find out in finding the size of the data whereas Velocity helps us find the speed at which data is coming in, and variety helps us determined what type of data it is

• Volume - Volume refers to the quantity of data generated. There are different definitions that determines whether a dataset can be considered big data or not. As a thumb rule, one could say that, when the volume of data becomes too cumbersome to be handled by most spreadsheet applications, the data can be considered big data. 

• Variety - The variety characteristic gives a marker on how complex the data is. Variety can be defined as the diversity of data. The variety of data can be determined by various factors of the data is mainly classified according to, Format, Structure, Unstructured data, Natural language, Media, Complex systems.

• Velocity - The speed at which the data is generated and processed.
• Variability - Inconsistency of the data set can delay and interfere with processes to handle and manage it
• Veracity - The data quality of captured data can vary greatly, affecting the accurate analysis.

Big Data can be used for every kind of information, which includes financial transactions, social profiles and other kinds of information from sensor/machine-specific data. It also accepts all types of formats, relational data, Structure data, and unstructured data including emails, text documents, video/audio, stock ticker data and banking transaction. Companies can use Big Data to compare a large amount of valuable data which can help them make a wise decision that'll greatly improve their business. They can find out how to get more customers, more revenue, more profitability by using big data. Big data is subject-oriented as it can process any kind of data from all different type of sources. It can also help in providing precise analysis of data. Big Data has lot of approach to data that is already identified, especially time period. Archive with date and time are the best approach to identify loaded data, but it also works with streaming data which means big data isn't always holding historical data. Another benefit of big data that it never erases previous data when new data is added to it. Big data store files which is represented as a table

Data warehouse

A data warehouse is the computing system which is used for reporting and storing of large amounts of data. The data to be stored can be from a single source or multiple sources. The term generally implies data is collected from a variety of heterogenous sources. Two main methods are used for integrating heterogenous sources of data.

• Query-driven approach: In this approach various wrappers are used to integrate data from multiple sources. The wrappers are applied on top of the different kinds of data and is integrated using mediators. In simple terms, there is a dictionary that connects different data sets speaking different languages. In this case, the data integration happens after storing.

• Update driven approach: As opposed to query driven approach, here the data is integrated before storing. This is a more efficient model and is widely used today.

Since there might be requirement of same data to be accessed across different location, cloud-based model of data warehousing is widely prevalent. According to the requirements and cost constraints cloud infrastructure can be built or existing infrastructure can be used. 

Data mining

Data mining is the core process where useful information and insights from the data. Statistical techniques are employed with machine learning to make the process scalable to large data sets. Data mining is utilized in a large manner in the industry for Market analysis, Fraud detection, Customer retention, Production control, Scientific exploration.

The results of data mining techniques can’t be accessed by simple analysis. Complex statistical models are applied on the data set to arrive at the results. Complex machine learning algorithms are used for determining the statistical models which works best for a data set. All of that happens without much interference when set up properly. Data mining techniques are utilized according to the business understanding of the problem. Various data mining techniques utilized are:

•Classification: Here the primary motive is to classify the data available. In a large data set, it is much difficult to classify than one might perceive. Data mining techniques makes it easier for a large data set.

•Clustering: These techniques are used to determine data that are similar to each other. These techniques can be used to determine the similarities and differences between data.

•Regression: Regression is utilized to determine the relationship between various variable. With the help of regression, we can determine the probabilities of certain outcome provided one or more variable are available.

•Association rules: This helps to find hidden patterns in a data set. This technique helps in determining what variable are related and how the relationship works.

• Outer detection: This technique is employed to detect the outliers in data. The outliers are important as they project unexpected behaviour in the data. This technique is widely used for fraud detection.

• Sequential patterns: It helps to identify trends in data for a certain time period. The time is the significant portion here as the trends observed will be different for different time periods.

• Predictions: Prediction is the ultimate goal of data mining techniques. As one could imagine, making prediction is a very complex task due to all the uncertainties there could be. For prediction, a combination of all the other techniques are employed.

Ethical issues

As with anything there is two sides to this story. As much as there is good outcomes with anything, there will be opportunities for it to be utilized for nefarious purposes. It is very evident from the current state of the internet. On internet the bad actors can utilize the infrastructure for acts that are personal in nature and for acts that are of a larger and wider scale.

Bad individual outcomes: Pornography is a prevalent section of the internet. Even worse is the existence of revenge pornography. It is a vice that destroys a person psychologically, socially, and even physically. It is quite difficult to rationally quantify the ramifications of the same.

Another significant bad behaviour on the internet is the cyberbullying and trolling. Cyberbullying is a form of pervasive behaviour in which an individual is attacked over the internet. Many stories of cyberbullying and its effect on individuals have surfaced in the recent years. Trolling hinders a civil discussion in the cyberspace. It is a relatively lesser vice. The frequency and intentions of trolling much determines the negative effects of trolling.

Bad large-scale outcomes: Piracy is a big threat in this regard. Movies, music and other content are widely pirated through the medium of internet. This hinders the monetization ability of the content creators, which in turn reduces the drive to create more content. This is a vicious cycle that keeps on spiralling.

Darknet is part of internet where all the forbidden dealing are done. It is part of internet that normal folk should stay away as there is all type of awful stuff going on. You can even find drugs, hitmen, etc which is illegal normally. Accessing darkNet deems to be forbidden and authorities usually monitor people who try to access darknet

Terrorism also has found use with internet. Terrorists organisations use the medium of internet to spread their ideology and recruit, communicate with members. We have seen the examples in recent times when terrorist activities where live streamed over social media platforms.

Internet has also been used to spread propaganda and meddle in the election. The Cambridge Analytica scandal is a blatant example of this.

The final word is any technology with great potential can be utilized for equally larger negative outcomes. All technology must be used with caution, be it internet, be it Big Data.


refs:
https://www.educba.com/big-data-vs-data-warehouse/
https://simpletexting.com/where-have-we-come-since-the-first-smartphone/
http://zerosxones.blogspot.com/2017/05/as-internet-law-and-policy-expertrobert.html
http://buzz2fone.com/how-marketing-technology-impact-business-success/